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All The Best for the coming BOARD exams!! Click here to get CBSE Class 10 Exam Time Table JULIUS CAESAR SUMMARY (ENGLISH AND HINDI VERSION) MATHEMATICIANS INDIAN: 1. Baudhayana   Baudhāyana, was an Indian mathematician, who was most likely also a priest. He is noted as the author of the earliest Sulba Sūtra—appendices to the Vedas giving rules for the construction of altars—called the Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra, which contained several important mathematical results. He is older than other famous mathematician Āpastambha. He belongs to Yajurveda school. He is accredited with calculating the value of pi to some degree of precision, and with discovering what is now known as the Pythagorean theorem. 2.Aryabhata  Aryabhata was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Āryabhaṭīya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta.It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and that he lived there for some time.[4] Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as Bhāskara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura as Pāṭaliputra, modern Patna.[1] A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well.[1] Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar  3.Brahmagupta Brahmagupta (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मगुप्त; ( listen (help·info)) (598–668 CE) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote many important works on mathematics and astronomy. His best known work is the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (Correctly Established Doctrine of Brahma), written in 628 in Bhinmal. Its 25 chapters contain several unprecedented mathematical results.Brahmagupta was the first to use zero as a number. He gave rules to compute with zero. Contrary to popular opinion, negative numbers did not appear first in Brahmasputa siddhanta. Negative numbers appear for the first time in history in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (Jiu zhang suan-shu) around 200 BC. Brahmagupta's most famous work is his Brahmasphutasiddhanta. It is composed in elliptic verse, as was common practice in Indian mathematics, and consequently has a poetic ring to it. As no proofs are given, it is not known how Brahmagupta's mathematics was derived 4.  S. Ramanan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In this Indian name, the name "Sundararaman" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, "Ramanan". Professor S. (Sundararaman) Ramanan (born 20 July 1937) is an Indian mathematician who works in the area of algebraic geometry, moduli spaces and Lie groups.[1] He completed his Ph. D. at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, under the direction of M. S. Narasimhan, with whom he collaborated for decades. He later pursued a lengthy career at TIFR, with many international visits. He picked up the methods of modern differential geometry from the French mathematician Jean-Louis Koszul,[2] and later successfully applied it for his research centered around algebraic geometry. He has also made important contributions to the topics of abelian varieties and also vector bundles. He was a senior colleague of M. S. Raghunathan and influenced him considerably.[3] Vijay Kumar Patodi who proved part of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, was found and encouraged by Ramanan, and Patodi's Ph. D. was done under the combined direction of Narasimhan and Ramanan.[4] He has a considerable number of students. Mathematicians influenced by Ramanan include M. Mohan Kumar,[5] Shrawan Kumar,[6] D. S. Nagaraj,[7] Kapil H. Paranjape,[8] Jaya Iyer[9] and several others.[10] He was very close to, and has closely collaborated with, many western mathematicians of note, like Raoul Bott. While in TIFR as distinguished professor, he was one of the important figures in the school of mathematics in India. He now continues his contributions via teaching at the Chennai Mathematical Institute,[11] where he is adjunct professor. He is a great lecturer[12] and expositor, and has written a graduate level book on Global Calculus.[13] His daughter Kavita Ramanan[14] is also a mathematician. The honors awarded to prof. Ramanan include the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize[15] in 1979. He is an alumnus of the Vivekananda College in Chennai. 5.Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,  (October 19, 1910 – August 21, 1995) was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars.[3] Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930. Chandrasekhar served on the University of Chicago faculty from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this honor, but was upset that the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with William A. Fowler 6.Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao  (born 10 September 1920) is an Indian statistician. He is currently professor emeritus at Penn State University and Research Professor at the University at Buffalo. Rao has been honored by numerous colloquia, honorary degrees, and festschrifts and was awarded the US National Medal of Science in 2002.[1] The American Statistical Association has described him as "a living legend whose work has influenced not just statistics, but has had far reaching implications for fields as varied as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, national planning, demography, biometry, and medicine."[1] The Times of India listed Rao as one of the top 10 Indian scientists of all time The Pennsylvania State University has established C. R. and Bhargavi Rao Prize in statistics, CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science National Award in Statistics established by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India. 7.Narayana Pandit Narayana Pandita was a major mathematician of India. Plofker writes that his texts were the most significant Sanskrit mathematics treatises after those of Bhaskara II, other than the Kerala school.[1]:52 He wrote the Ganita Kaumudi in 1356 about mathematical operations. The work anticipated many developments in combinatorics. About his life, the most that is known is that:[1] His father’s name was Nṛsiṃha or Narasiṃha, and the distribution of the manuscripts of his works suggests that he may have lived and worked in the northern half of India. Narayana Pandit had written two works, an arithmetical treatise called Ganita Kaumudi and an algebraic treatise called Bijganita Vatamsa. Narayanan is also thought to be the author of an elaborate commentary of Bhaskara II's Lilavati, titled Karmapradipika (or Karma-Paddhati).[2] Although the Karmapradipika contains little original work, it contains seven different methods for squaring numbers, a contribution that is wholly original to the author, as well as contributions to algebra and magic squares.[2] Narayanan's other major works contain a variety of mathematical developments, including a rule to calculate approximate values of square roots, investigations into the second order indeterminate equation nq2 + 1 = p2 (Pell's equation), solutions of indeterminate higher-order equations, mathematical operations with zero, several geometrical rules, and a discussion of magic squares and similar figures.[2] Evidence also exists that Narayana made minor contributions to the ideas of differential calculus found in Bhaskara II's work. Narayana has also made contributions to the topic of cyclic quadrilaterals.[3] Narayana is also credited with developing a method for systematic generation of all permutations of a given sequence. 8. Bhaskara Bhaskara (c. 600 – c. 680) (Marathi: भास्कर commonly called Bhaskara I to avoid confusion with the 12th century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th century Indian mathematician, who was apparently the first to write numbers in the Hindu-Arabic decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work.[1] This commentary, Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, written in 629 CE, is the oldest known prose work in Sanskrit on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote two astronomical works in the line of Aryabhata's school, the Mahābhāskarīya and the Laghubhāskarīya 9.Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan Srīnivāsa Aiyangār Rāmānujan  (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions. Ramanujan's talent was said by the English mathematician G.H. Hardy to be in the same league as legendary mathematicians such as Gauss, Euler, Cauchy, Newton and Archimedes.[1] Born in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, Ramanujan first encountered formal mathematics at age 10. He demonstrated a natural ability, and was given books on advanced trigonometry written by S. L. Loney.[2] He mastered them by age 12, and even discovered theorems of his own, including independently re-discovering Euler's Identity. He demonstrated unusual mathematical skills at school, winning accolades and awards. By 17, Ramanujan conducted his own mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler–Mascheroni constant. He received a scholarship to study at Government College in Kumbakonam, but lost it when he failed his non-mathematical coursework. He joined another college to pursue independent mathematical research, working as a clerk in the Accountant-General's office at the Madras Port Trust Office to support himself.[3] In 1912–1913, he sent samples of his theorems to three academics at the University of Cambridge. Only Hardy recognized the brilliance of his work, subsequently inviting Ramanujan to visit and work with him at Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, dying of illness, malnutrition and possibly liver infection in 1920 at the age of 32. During his short lifetime, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3900 results (mostly identities and equations).[4] Although a small number of these results were actually false and some were already known, most of his claims have now been proven correct.[5] He stated results that were both original and highly unconventional, such as the Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function, and these have inspired a vast amount of further research.[6] However, the mathematical mainstream has been rather slow in absorbing some of his major discoveries. Recently, Ramanujan's formulae have found applications in crystallography and string theory.[citation needed] The Ramanujan Journal, an international publication, was launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by his work 10.Ramchundra From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ramchundra (Ramachandra Lal) (Hindi: रामचन्द्र लाल ) (1821 – 1880) was British India's first major mathematician. His book, Treatise on Problems of Maxima and Minima, was promoted by the prominent mathematician Augustus De Morgan. De Morgan, in his Introduction to Ramchundra's book says that he was born in 1821 in Panipat to Sunder Lal (सुन्दर लाल), a Kayasth of Delhi. De Morgan came to know of Ramchundra when, in 1850, he was sent by a friend a work on maxima and minima by the 29-year old self-taught mathematician. Ramchundra had published his book at his own expense in Calcutta in that year. De Morgan arranged for the book to be republished in London under his own supervision. De Morgan was so impressed that he undertook to bring Ramchundra's work to the notice of scientific men of Europe. Charles Muses, in an article in the Mathematical Intelligencer (1998) called Ramchundra "De Morgan's Ramanujan". He was mystified why, in spite of De Morgan's efforts to make this "remarkable Hindu algebraist known, he does not appear in most texts on history of mathematics." Ramchundra was teacher of science in Delhi College for some time. In 1858, he was native head master in Thomason Civil Engineering College (now Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) at Roorkee. Later that year, he was appointed head master of a school in Delhi. Hey guys, here is some information on Forest Cover in Your Area. CLASS10 CBSE EVS PROJECT BASED INFO